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#CARD:Kazakhstan:Geography
#WORD 44 70 256 255 0
Kazakhstan Click Here for Country List
#IMAGE 44 61 TWPCX \maps\KAZAKHST.PCX
Geography Click Here for MAP
Location:
Central Asia, between Russia and Uzbekistan, bordering on the Caspian
Sea and the Aral Sea
Map references:
Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,
Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
2,717,300 sq km
land area:
2,669,800 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km,
Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
Coastline:
0 km
note:
Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894
km)
Maritime claims:
landlocked, but borders with Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in
the Caspian Sea are under negotiation at present
International disputes:
Russia may dispute current de facto maritime border to midpoint of
Caspian Sea from shore
Climate:
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain:
extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in
western Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia
Natural resources:
major deposits of petroleum, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore,
nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Land use:
arable land:
15%
permanent crops:
NEGL %
meadows and pastures:
57%
forest and woodland:
4%
other:
24%
Irrigated land:
23,080 sq km (1990)
Environment:
current issues:
radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with its former defense
industries and test ranges are found throughout the country and pose
health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in
some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into the Aral
Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving
behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these
substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust
storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of
agricultural chemicals and salinization from faulty irrigation
practices
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note:
landlocked
#CARD:Kazakhstan:People
People
Population:
17,267,554 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.64% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
19.4 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
7.93 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-5.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
40.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
68.04 years
male:
63.39 years
female:
72.93 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.44 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Kazakhstani(s)
adjective:
Kazakhstani
Ethnic divisions:
Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek
2.1%, Tatar 2%, other 7.1% (1991 official data)
Religions:
Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%
Languages:
Kazakh (Qazaqz) official language spoken by over 40% of population,
Russian (language of interethnic communication) spoken by two-thirds
of population and used in everyday business
Literacy:
age 9-49 can read and write (1970)
total population:
100%
male:
100%
female:
100%
Labor force:
7.356 million
by occupation:
industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 26%, other 43%
(1992)
#CARD:Kazakhstan:Government
Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Kazakhstan
conventional short form:
local long form:
Kazakhstan Respublikasy
local short form:
none
former:
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph:
KZ
Type:
republic
Capital:
Almaty
Administrative divisions:
19 oblystar (singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular - qala)*;
Almaty*, Almaty Oblysy, Aqmola Oblysy, Aqtobe Oblysy, Atyrau Oblysy,
Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Kokshetau Oblysy, Mangghystau Oblysy,
Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay
Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Pavlodar Oblysy, Semey Oblysy, Shyghys
Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen; formerly Ust'-Kamenogorsk), Soltustik
Qazaqstan Oblysy (Petropavl), Taldyqorghan Oblysy, Torghay Oblysy,
Zhambyl Oblysy, Zhezqazghan Oblysy
note:
names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from
oblys name
Independence:
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 16 December (1991)
Constitution:
adopted 28 January 1993
Legal system:
based on civil law system
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (since NA April 1990); Vice
President Yerik ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991); election last held
1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); percent of vote by party
NA; Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed
head of government:
Prime Minister Sergey TERESHCHENKO (since 14 October 1991); First
Deputy Prime Minister Arkezhan KAZHEGELDIN (since NA November 1993)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Supreme Council:
elections last held 7 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (177 total) Union Peoples' Unity
of Kazakhstan 33, Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of
Kazakhstan 11, People's Congress of Kazakhstan Party 9, Socialist
Party of Kazakhstan 8, Peasant Union of the Republic Kazakhstan 4,
Social Movement "LAD" 4, Organization of Veterans 1, Union of Youth of
Kazakhstan 1, Democratic Committee for Human Rights 1, Association of
Lawyers of Kazakhstan 1, International Public Committee
"Aral-Asia-Kazakhstan" 1, Congress of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan 1,
Deputies of the 12th Supreme Soviet 40, independents 62
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Peoples Unity Movement (PUU), Kuanysh SULTANOV, chairman; Peoples
Congress, Olzhas SULEYMENOV, chairman; Kazakhstan Socialist Party
(SPK; former Communist Party), Piotr SVOIK, co-chairman; Republican
Party (Azat), Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman; Democratic Progress
(Russian) Party, Alexandra DOKUCHAYEVA, chairman; Union Peoples' Unity
of Kazakhstan (SNEK); Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of
Kazakhstan; Peasant Union of the Republic Kazakhstan; Social Movement
LAD (Slavic Rebirth Society), V. MIKHAYLOV, chairman; Union of Youth
of Kazakhstan; Democratic Committee for Human Rights; Association of
Lawyers of Kazakhstan; International Public Committee
"Aral-Asia-Kazakhstan"; Congress of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan;
Deputies of the 12th Supreme Soviet
Other political or pressure groups:
Independent Trade Union Center (Birlesu; an association of independent
trade union and business associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, president
Member of:
CCC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOD, NACC, OIC (observer), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Tuleutai SULEYMENOV
chancery:
3421 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
(202) 333-4504/7
FAX:
(202) 333-4509
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador William H. COURTNEY
embassy:
99/97 Furmanova Street, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 480012
mailing address:
American Embassy Almaty, c/o Department of State, Washington, DC,
20521-7030
telephone:
(7) (3272) 63-17-70, 63-24-26, 63-28-80, 63-34-05
FAX:
(7) (3272) 63-38-83
Flag:
sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with
32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the
hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in yellow
#CARD:Kazakhstan:Economy
Economy
Overview:
Kazakhstan, the second largest of the former Soviet states in
territory, possesses vast oil, coal, rare metals, and agricultural
resources. While the economy is gradually making the transition from a
Soviet command system to a market system, strong elements of state
control persist including government ownership of most economic assets
and a continued system of mandatory state procurement for the key
products such as grain and energy; likewise, agriculture remains
largely collectivized. On the other hand, new businesses are forming
rapidly, the economy is opening to foreign investment, and 12% of
state-owned commercial enterprises have been privatized. In 1993, a
three-year industrial privatization program was launched; an
independent currency was successfully introduced; and two large joint
ventures were established with western oil companies. These
far-reaching structural transformations have resulted in a cumulative
decline in national income of more than 30% since 1990. Loose monetary
policies have kept the inflation rate high, averaging 28% per month
for 1993 and accelerating at the end with the disruption caused by a
new currency. Since the introduction of its independent currency in
November 1993, the government has renewed its commitment to fiscal
discipline and accelerating economic reform. However, growing economic
hardship and rising ethnic tensions between Kazakhs and Russians over
the division of economic assets will likely lead to strong pressure to
backtrack.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $60.3 billion (1993 estimate from
the UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 and
published in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and as
extrapolated to 1993 using official Kazakhstani statistics, which are
very uncertain because of major economic changes since 1990)
National product real growth rate:
-13% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$3,510 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
28% per month (1993)
Unemployment rate:
0.6% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large
numbers of underemployed workers
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $1.76 billion (1991 est.)
Exports:
$1.3 billion to outside the FSU countries (1993)
commodities:
oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat
(1992)
partners:
Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Imports:
$358.3 million from outside the FSU countries (1993)
commodities:
machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil and gas (1992)
partners:
Russia and other former Soviet republics, China
External debt:
$1.5 billion debt to Russia
Industrial production:
growth rate -16% (1993)
Electricity:
capacity:
19,135,000 kW
production:
81.3 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
4,739 kWh (1992)
Industries:
extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead,
zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur),
iron and steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural
machinery, electric motors, construction materials
Agriculture:
accounts for almost 40% of net material product; employs about 26% of
the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool
Illicit drugs:
illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS
consumption; limited government eradication program; used as
transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe and North
America from Central and Southwest Asia
Economic aid:
recipient:
approximately $1 billion in foreign credits to become available in
1994
Currency:
national currency the tenge introduced on 15 November 1993
Exchange rates:
NA
Fiscal year:
calendar year
#CARD:Kazakhstan:Communications
Communications
Railroads:
14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines
(1990)
Highways:
total:
189,000 km
paved and graveled:
108,100 km
unpaved:
earth 80,900 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
Syrdariya River, Ertis River
Pipelines:
crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas 3,480 km
(1992)
Ports:
inland - Atyrau (formerly Gur'yev; on Caspian Sea)
Airports:
total:
365
usable:
152
with permanent-surface runways:
49
with runways over 3,659 m:
8
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
38
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
71
Telecommunications:
telephone service is poor, with only about 17 telephones for each 100
persons in urban areas and 7.6 telephones per 100 persons in rural
areas; of the approximately 2.2 million telephones, Almaty has
184,000; broadcast receivers - TVs 4,750,000, radios 4,088,000, radio
receiver systems with multiple speakers for program diffusion
6,082,000; international traffic with other former USSR republics and
China carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries by
satellite and through 8 international telecommunications circuits at
the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations -
INTELSAT and Orbita (TV receive only); new satellite ground station
established at Almaty with Turkish financial help (December 1992) with
2500 channel band width
#CARD:Kazakhstan:Defense Forces
Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 4,432,716; fit for military service 3,554,209; reach
military age (18) annually 154,989 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
69,326 million rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note -
conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current
exchange rate could produce misleading results
KAZAKHST.0